Course Review for Midterm

• Thinking in bytes
• Bits, hex digits, bytes
• Numeric representation of bit values
  
• Arithmetic on binary, hex numbers. 
  
• Converting between binary, hex, and decimal.
  
• Low-level C code:
• Bitwise operators: &  (AND)     |  (OR)     ^ (XOR)       ~ (NOT)     << (left shift)      >> (right shift)
• "goto" and jump labels in C/C++.  Converting "for", "while", "if", and "switch" into simple statements of the form "if (x) goto Y".
• pointers and memory layout in C/C++.  malloc/free and new/delete.  How to fake an array with pointers.  How the compiler lays out structures and classes in memory.  Alignment padding.  What to expect from stack and heap memory leaks (forget to deallocate) and memory corruption (invalid array index, use-after-delete, etc.).
• The linker and link errors.  "extern "C"".  Fortran and C++ "name mangling".
  
• Assembly Language:
• Registers
• Arithmetic and bitwise instructions in assembly
  
• Branches in assembly ("cmp" and "jle" type stuff).  Converting "for", "while", "if", and "switch" into assembly.  Overflow detection.
  
• Memory access in assembly
• Stack manipulation
• Array indexing
• Arrays of structs
  
• Calling function in assembly
• Pushing and popping parameters
• Operation of "call" and "return"